O’ZBEKISTON ALOQA VA AXBOROT AGENTLIGI
TOSHKENT AXBOROT TEXNOLOGIYALARI UNIVERSITETI
CHET TILLAR KAFEDRASI
“ELEKTRON TIJORAT” YO’NALISHI 2 KURS TALABALARI UCHNUN O’QUV USLUBIY QO’LLANMA
553600
(INGLIZ TILI)
TOSHKENT 2009
KIRISH SO’ZI
Ushbu uslubiy qo’llanma “Elektron tijorat” yo’nalishi 2 kurs talabalarining auditoriyada va mustaqil ishlashi uchun tuzilgan. Uslubiy qo’llanmaga elektron tijorat sohasiga oid dolzarb matnlarning asl nusxasi kiritilganligi talabalarning ushbu sohaga oid maxsus atamalarni yaxshi o’zlashtirishiga yordam beradi. Matnlarga oid berilgan savollar tabalarning ijodiy fikrlash qobiliyatini oshiradi va ularni o’z fikrlarini erkin ifodlashga o’rgatadi. Uslubiy qo’llanmadagi har bir matnga oid kiritilgan mashqlar talabalarni ingliz tili grammatikasini yanada mukammal bilishga va ingliz tilida to’g’ri gapirishga o’rgatadi . Har bir darsga berilgan yangi so’zlarning rus va o’zbek tilidagi muqobillari ushbu uslubiy qo’llanmadan ham rus tili ham o’zbek tilida tahsil olayotgan talabalar bilan ishlash imkonini beradi. Keltirilgan mashqlar to’g’ri savol qo’yish va unga javob berish, suhbatdoshini tushunish va muloqat qilishga o’rgatadi. Talabalarning erkin fikrlash va gapirish qobiliyatini, tarjima qilish mahoratini oshiradi, ularning bilimini mustahkamlaydi.
CONTENTS
Lesson 1. Electronic commerce …………………………………. 4
Lesson 4. Electronic money ………………………………….8
Lesson 5. Web development as an industry ………………………………….10
Lesson 6. Internet marketing …………………………………. 12
Lesson 9. E-Commerce Essentials: Setting Up Your Online Store …………………… 17
Lesson 11. Online. Bank status. Safety and protection policies ………….…………..20
Lesson 17. Interest charges …………………………………..32
Lesson 22. Secured credit cards …………………………………..41
Lesson23. Prepaid "credit" cards ……………………………….…. 43
Lesson24. Features ……………………………….…. 44
LESSON 1
Vocabulary:
Trade – òîðãîâëÿ, savdo
Spurring – ïîáóæäåíèå (ïîîùðåíèå) – undash (rag’batlantirish)
Transfer – ïåðåäà÷à (ïåðåìåùåíèå), uzatish (boshqa joygajoylashtirish)
Transaction processing – îïåðàöèîííàÿ îáðàáîòêà, operatsion qayta iahlash
data interchange - îáìåí äàííûõ , ma’lumot almashish
lifecycle - æèçíåííûé öèêë, yashash sikli
encompass- îõâàòèòü, qamrab olish
retailers- ðîçíè÷íûå ïðîäàâöû, chakana savdo qiluvchilar
is referred – îòíåñåí (ïåðåäàí), tegishli
the spread- ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, yoyilish, tarqalish
the amount- êîëè÷åñòâî , miqdor
variety- ðàçíîîáðàçèå, turli-tumanlik
chain management- öåïíîå óïðàâëåíèå, êåòìà-êåò áîøқàðóâ
premium- ïðåìèÿ, mukofat
to facilitate –îáëåã÷èòü, yengillashtirish
Electronic commerce
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily since the spread of the Internet. A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well.
A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.
Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com.
Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations.
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of the early electronic commerce.
LESSON`2
Vocabulary:
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) – Ýëåêòðîííûé Îáìåí Äàííûõ (EDI), elektron ma’lumot almashish
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). – Ýëåêòðîííàÿ Ïåðåäà÷à Ôîíäîâ (ÒÐÈÒÎÍ), fondlarni elektron tarzda uzatish
purchase orders or invoices – çàêàçû íà ïîñòàâêó èëè ñ÷åòà, yetkazib berish uchun buyurtma yoki hisob-kitob
credit cards, automated teller machines – êðåäèòíûå êàðòû, áàíêîìàòû, kredit kartalar, bankomatlar
telephone banking– òåëåôîííîå áàíêîâñêîå äåëî, bank ishlarini telefon orqali yuritish
enterprise resource planning – ïëàíèðîâàíèå ðåñóðñîâ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ, korxona manbalarini rejalashtirish
data mining – ïîèñê äàííûõ , ma’lumot izlash
data warehousing. – ñêëàäèðîâàíèå äàííûõ, ma’lumotlarni omborga to’plash
Boston Computer Exchange, – Áîñòîíñêèé Êîìïüþòåðíûé Îáìåí, Bostondagi kompyuter orqali pul ayirboshlash
DSL (digital subscriber line) – öèôðîâàÿ àáîíåíòñêàÿ ëèíèÿ , raqamli abonentlik liniyasi
American Information Exchange – Àìåðèêàíñêèé Èíôîðìàöèîííûé Îáìåí, Amerika ma’lumot almashish markazi
The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introduced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. Another form of e-commerce was the airline reservation system typified by Sabre in the USA and Travicom in the UK. Online shopping was invented in the UK in 1979 and during the 1980s it was used extensively particularly by auto manufacturers such as Ford,Peugeot-Talbot, General Motors and Nissan. From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.
Perhaps it is introduced from the Telephone Exchange Office, or maybe not.The earliest example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. The first online information marketplace, including online consulting, was likely the American Information Exchange, another pre-Internet online system introduced in 1991.
Although the Internet became popular worldwide in 1994, it took about five years to introduce security protocols and DSL allowing continual connection to the Internet. And by the end of 2000, a lot of European and American business companies offered their services through the World Wide Web. Since then people began to associate a word "ecommerce" with the ability of purchasing various goods through the Internet using secure protocols and electronic payment services.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations.
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of the early electronic commerce.
Vocabulary:
Application- ïðèìåíåíèå, qo’llash
to relate- ñâÿçàòü, bog’lamoq
the following- ñëåäóþùèé, keyingi
Content Management Systems-
spreadsheet- êðóïíîôîðìàòíàÿ òàáëèöà, katta formatli jadval
accounting- ñ÷åò, hisob-kitob
Orders and shipment information –èíôîðìàöèÿ î çàêàçå è îòïðàâêå, buyurtma va jo’natish haqida ma’lumot
enterprise- ïðåäïðèÿòèå, korxona
domestic and international payment systems- ñèñòåìà âíóòðåííåé è ìåæäóíàðîäíîé îïëàòû, ichki va xalqaro to’lov tizimi
the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)-ôåäåðàëüíîå òîðãîâîå êîìèññèÿ, federal savdo kommisiyasi
to include- âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ, o’z ichiga olmoq
online advertising- ðåêëàìà ïî îíëàéíó, onlaynda reklama
privacy- ÷àñòíûé, xususiy
to establish- óñòàíîâèòü, o’rnatmoq
direct marketing- ïðÿìîé ìàðêåòèíã, bevosita marketing
truthful- äîñòîâåðíûé, ishonchli
non-deceptive- íå îáìàí÷èâûé, aldamaydigan
to prohibit- çàïðåùàòü, man etmoq
unfair- íåñïðàâåäëèâûé, nohaq
to enforce- ïðèíóäèò, majburlamoq,
the promise – îáåùàíèå, va’da
enforcement – äàâëåíèå, bosim
contemporary – ñîâðåìåííèê, zamondosh
immediate- áûñòðî, tez, zudlik bilan
conventional- óñëîâíûé, shartli
to facilitate- îáëåã÷àòü, yengillashtirmoq
groceró- ïðîäóêòîâûé ìàãàçèí, ãàñòðîíîì, oziq-ovqat magazini
real estate- íåäâèæèìîå èìóùåñòâî, ko’chmas mulk
transferring funds- ïåðåäà÷à ôîíäîâ, fondlarni o’tkazish
initiating wire payment – îñóùåñòâëÿòü òåëåãðàôèðîâàíèå î ïëàòåæå, to;lov haqida telegramma jo’natish
data integrity –èíòåãðàöèÿ äàííûõ, ma’lumotlaarni integrallsh
Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following:
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers’ personal information.[5] As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly conducted on the World Wide Web. An individual can go online to purchase anything from books or groceries, to expensive items like real estate. Another example would be online banking, i.e. online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All of these activities can be done with a few strokes of the keyboard.On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce today.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations.
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
LESSON 4
Vocabulary:
electronic cash – ýëåêòðîííàÿ íàëè÷íîñòü, electron naqd pul
electronic currency – ýëåêòðîííàÿ âàëþòà, electron valyuta
digital money – öèôðîâûå äåíüãè, raqamli pullar
refer – îòíåñòèñü, taaluqli bo’lmoq
scrip – äîêóìåíò íà ïîëó÷åíèå, biror narsani olish uchun hujjat
involve – âîâëå÷ü, jalb qilmoq
value – ñòîèìîñòü, qiymat
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) – Ýëåêòðîííàÿ Ïåðåäà÷à Ôîíäîâ (ÒÐÈÒÎÍ) fondlarni elektron tarzda uzatish
direct deposit – ïðÿìîé äåïîçèò, bevosita depozit
cryptography – êðèïòîãðàôèÿ, shifrlash
low-scale – íèçêèé ìàñøòàá, quyi masshtab
rare – ðåäêèé, noyob, kamyob
transit payment – òðàíçèòíàÿ îïëàòà, transit to’lov
implementation – âûïîëíåíèå, qo’llash
a representation – ïðåäñòàâëåíèå, taqdim etish
a stand alone – îäèíîêîå, yolg’iz
may be backed – ìîæåò áûòü ïîääåðæàí, qo’llab qo’ltiqlanishi mumkin
WebMoney –ýëåêòðîííûå äåíüãè, veb pul
redepositing – ïåðåâíåñåíèå, qayta depozitlash, qayta kiritish
community – îáúåäèíåíèå, yushma
ripple monetary – äåíåæíî-êðåäèòíàÿ ðÿáü, pul-kreditning o’zgarib turishi
a distributed system – ñèñòåìà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, tarqatish, taqsimlash tizimi
Electronic money
Electronic money (also known as e-money, electronic cash, electronic currency, digital money, digital cash or digital currency) refers to money or scrip which is exchanged only electronically. Typically, this involves use of computer networks, the internet and digital stored value systems. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) and direct deposit are examples of electronic money. Also, it is a collective term for financial cryptography and technologies enabling it.
While electronic money has been an interesting problem for cryptography (see for example the work of David Chaum and Markus Jakobsson), to date, use of digital cash has been relatively low-scale. One rare success has been Hong Kong's Octopus card system, which started as a transit payment system and has grown into a widely used electronic cash system. Singapore also has an electronic money implementation for its public transportation system (commuter trains, bus, etc), which is very similar to Hong Kong's Octopus card and based on the same type of card (FeliCa). A very successful implementation is in the Netherlands, known as Chipknip.
Technically electronic or digital money is a representation, or a system of debits and credits, used (but not limited to this) to exchange value, within another system, or itself as a stand alone system, online or offline. Also sometimes the term electronic money is used to refer to the provider itself. A private currency may use gold to provide extra security, such as digital gold currency. An e-currency system may be fully backed by gold (like e-gold and c-gold), non-gold backed, or both gold and non-gold backed (like e-Bullion and Liberty Reserve). Also, some private organizations, such as the US military use private currencies such as Eagle Cash.
Many systems will sell their electronic currency directly to the end user, such as Paypal and WebMoney, but other systems, such as e-gold, sell only through third party digital currency exchangers.
In the case of Octopus Card in Hong Kong, deposits work similarly to banks'. After Octopus Card Limited receives money for deposit from users, the money is deposited into banks, which is similar to debit-card-issuing banks redepositing money at central banks.
Some community currencies, like some LETS systems, work with electronic transactions. Cyclos Software allows creation of electronic community currencies.
Ripple monetary system is a project to develop a distributed system of electronic money independent of local currency.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations.
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of electronic money.
LESSON 5
1. Vocabulary:
is being pushed – âûäâèãàåòñÿ, olg’a surilayotgan
cost of Web site – ñòîèìîñòü Âåáñàéòà, Âåáñàéò narxi, qiymati
has dropped- ïîíèçèëñÿ, tushib ketdi
instead of – âìåñòî, o’rniga
the complexity – ñëîæíîñòü, murakkablik
content – ñîäåðæàíèå, mazmun, mundarija
accessible – äîñòóïíûé, qo’l etarli
fueling – çàïðàâêà òîïëèâîì, yoqilg’i quyish
are concerned – çàèíòåðåñîâàíû, taalluqli, tegishli
the globe – çåìíîé øàð, yer shari
the rise – ïîâûøåíèå, ko’tarilish
prominently – çàìåòíî, sezilarli
Microsoft Expression Studio – Ñòóäèÿ Microsoft Expression, Microsoft Expression studiyasi
is not required – íå òðåáóåòñÿ, talab etilmaydi
recommended – ðåêîìåíäóåìûé, tavsiya etilgan
tools – èíñòðóìåíòû, uskunalar
application – çàÿâëåíèÿ, ilova, qism dastur
executable code – âûïîëíèìûé êîä, bajarish kodi
media distribution – ñðåäñòâî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ, taqsimlash vositasi
a specific workstation – îïðåäåëåííîå àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííîå ðàáî÷åå ìåñòî, maxsus avtomatlashtirilgan ish joyi
2.Read and translate the text.
Web development as an industry
Since the mid-1990s, web development has been one of the fastest growing industries in the world. In 1995 there were fewer than 1,000 web development companies in the United States alone, but by 2005 there were over 30,000 such companies. The web development industry is expected to grow over 20% by 2010. The growth of this industry is being pushed by large businesses wishing to sell products and services to their customers and to automate business workflow, as well as the growth of many small web design and development companies.
In addition, cost of Web site development and hosting has dropped dramatically during this time. Instead of costing tens of thousands of dollars, as was the case for early websites, one can now develop a simple web site for less than a thousand dollars, depending on the complexity and amount of content. Smaller Web site development companies are now able to make web design accessible to both smaller companies and individuals further fueling the growth of the web development industry. As far as web development tools and platforms are concerned, there are many systems available to the public free of charge to aid in development. A popular example is the LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP), which is usually distributed free of charge. This fact alone has manifested into many people around the globe setting up new Web sites daily and thus contributing to increase in web development popularity. Another contributing factor has been the rise of easy to use WYSIWYG web development software, most prominently Adobe Dreamweaver or Microsoft Expression Studio (formerly Microsoft Frontpage) . Using such software, virtually anyone can develop a Web page in a matter of minutes. Knowledge of HyperText Markup Language (HTML), or other programming languages is not required, but recommended for professional results.
The next generation of web development tools uses the strong growth in LAMP and Microsoft .NET technologies to provide the Web as a way to run applications online. Web developers now help to deliver applications as Web services which were traditionally only available as applications on a desk based computer.
Instead of running executable code on a local computer, users are interacting with online applications to create new content. This has created new methods in communication and allowed for many opportunities to decentralize information and media distribution. Users are now able to interact with applications from many locations, instead of being tied to a specific workstation for their application environment.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of the web development industry.
LESSON 6
Vocabulary:
media – ñðåäñòâî, vosita
a global audience – ãëîáàëüíàÿ àóäèòîðèÿ, global auditoriya
instant response – ìãíîâåííûé îòâåò, tezkor javob
eliciting responses – âûÿâëåíèå îòâåòîâ, javob topish.
a unique – óíèêàëüíîå, noyob, nodir, yagona
is considered –ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ, ko’rib chiqilgan
a broader scope – øèðîêèé îxâàò, keng ko’lam,
digital media – öèôðîâûå ñðåäà, raqamli muhit
wireless media – áåñïðîâîäíûå ñðåäà, simsiz muhit
relationship – îòíîøåíèÿ, munosabat
creative – òâîð÷åñêèé, ijodiy
advertising – ðåêëàìà, reklama
development – ðàçâèòèå, rivojlantirish, yaratish
entail – ïîâëå÷ü çà ñîáîé, o’ziga ergashatirmoq
a comprehensive strategy – âñåñòîðîííÿÿ ñòðàòåãèÿ, har tomonlama strategiya
appearance – ïîÿâëåíèå, paydo bo’lish
focusing – ñîñðåäîòî÷åíèå, diqqatni yig’moq
target – öåëü, maqsad
proper choice – íàäëåæàùèé âûáîð, mos tanlov
banner ads – îáúÿâëåíèÿ áàííåðà, banner e’lon qilish
interaction – âçàèìîäåéñòâèå, o’zaro faoliyat (ta’sir),
upward – ââåðõ, yuqoriga
average – ñðåäíåå ÷èñëî, o’rtacha qiymat
Internet marketing
Internet marketing, also referred to as web marketing, online marketing, or eMarketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet.
The Internet has brought many unique benefits to marketing, one of which being lower costs for the distribution of information and media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing, both in terms of providing instant response and eliciting responses, is a unique quality of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to have a broader scope because it refers to digital media such as the Internet, e-mail, and wireless media; however, Internet marketing also includes management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems.
Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design, development, advertising, and sales. Internet marketing does not simply entail building or promoting a website, nor does it mean placing a banner ad on another website. Effective Internet marketing requires a comprehensive strategy that synergizes a given company's business model and sales goals with its website function and appearance, focusing on its target market through proper choice of advertising type, media, and design.
Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, e-mail marketing, and Web 2.0 strategies. In 2008 The New York Times working with comScore published an initial estimate to quantify the user data collected by large Internet-based companies. Counting four types of interactions with company websites in addition to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found the potential for collecting upward of 2,500 pieces of data on average per user per month.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of the Internet marketing.
LESSON 7
1.Vocabulary:
headquarters – øòàá, shtab
campus – óíèâåðñèòåòñêèé ãîðîäîê, talabalar shaharchasi
allow – ïîçâîëèòü, ruhsat ( izn, imkon ) bermoq
transfer – ïåðåäà÷à, uzatish, o’tkazish
an electronic alternative – ýëåêòðîííàÿ àëüòåðíàòèâà, elektron muqobil
an electronic debit – ýëåêòðîííûé äåáåò, elektron dibet
The recipient – ïîëó÷àòåëü, qabul qiluvchi
request – çàïðîñ, so’rov
to facilitate – îáëåã÷èòü, osonlashtirmoq, yengillashtirmoq
a payment intermediary service – îáñëóæèâàíèå ïîñðåäíèêà îïëàòû,
establish – óñòàíîâèòü, o’rnatish
payment processing – îáðàáîòêà îïëàòû, to’lovni amalga oshirish
vendor – ïðîäàâåö, savdogar
charge – íàçíà÷àòü [çàïðàøèâàòü, ïðîñèòü] öåíó , to’lovni belgilash
a fee – ïëàòà, oylik, to’lov
a transaction – ñäåëêà, biznessdagi ish
an additional fixed amount – äîïîëíèòåëüíîå óñòàíîâëåííûé ñòîèìîñòü, qoshimcha tayinlangan qiymat
the currency – âàëþòà, valyuta
a wholly owned subsidiary – ôèëèàë ñîâåðøåííî íàõîäÿùèéñÿ â ñîáñòâåííîñòè, butunlay xususiy bo’lgan filial
acquired – ïðèîáðåòåííûé, qo’lga kiritilgan
startup – çàïóñê, ishga tushirish
eBay's North First Street satellite office campus (home to PayPal's corporate headquarters)
PayPal is an e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the Internet. PayPal serves as an electronic alternative to traditional paper methods such as checks and money orders.
A PayPal account can be funded with an electronic debit from a bank account or by a credit card. The recipient of a PayPal transfer can either request a check from PayPal, establish their own PayPal deposit account or request a transfer to their bank account. PayPal is an example of a payment intermediary service that facilitates worldwide e-commerce.
PayPal performs payment processing for online vendors, auction sites, and other commercial users, for which it charges a fee. It sometimes also charges a transaction fee for receiving money (a percentage of the amount sent plus an additional fixed amount). The fees charged depend on the currency used, the payment option used, the country of the sender, the country of the recipient, the amount sent and the recipient's account type. [1] On October 3, 2002, PayPal became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay.[2] Its corporate headquarters are in San Jose, California, United States at eBay's North First Street satellite office campus. The company also has significant operations in Omaha, Nebraska; Scottsdale, Arizona; and Austin, Texas in the U.S.; India; Dublin, Ireland; and Berlin, Germany, and now also in Tel-Aviv, Israel after PayPal acquired an Israeli startup called FraudSciences [3] for $169 million.[4] As of July 2007, across Europe, PayPal also operates as a Luxembourg-based bank.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations.
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of PayPal.
LESSON 8
Vocabulary:
incarnation –âîïëîùåíèå, tatbiq etish
merger – ñëèÿíèå(îáúåäèíåíèå) êîìïàíèé, kompaniyalarning qo’shilishi
initially – ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî, avval boshda
cryptography company – êîìïàíèÿ êðèïòîãðàôèè, kriptografiya kompaniyasi
launched – íà÷àòûé, boshlangan
reconcile – ñîãëàñîâûâàòü, kelishtirmoq
a feature – îñîáåííîñòü, xususiyat
the recruit –íîâè÷êè, endi ish boshlaganlar
alumni – âûïóñêíèêè, bitiruvchilar
hailed – ïðîâîçãëàøåííûé, e’lon qilingan
recruited – ïðèíÿòûé íà ðàáîòó, ishga qabul qilingan
fraudulent – ìîøåííè÷åñêèé, mug’ombirlik
a blurry picture – ðàñïëûâ÷àòàÿ êàðòèíà, o’zgaruvchan tasvir
evidence – ñâèäåòåëüñòâî, guvohlik
The neutrality – íåéòðàëèòåò, neytral holat
is disputed – îáñóæäåí, muhokama etilgan
the rise – ïîâûøåíèå, ko’tarilish
the fit – ïðèãîäíîå, yaroqli
purchase – ïîêóïêà, xarid
dubbing – èçìåíÿòü, o’zgartirish
narrowing – ñóæåíèå, toraytirish
approximately – ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî, taxminan
promote – ïðîäâèíóòü, olg’a surmoq
dot-com - èíòåðíåò-êîìïàíèÿ, internet kompaniyalar
IPO (initial public offering) - ïåðâè÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå àêöèé, aksiyalarga boshlang’ich takliflar
The current incarnation of PayPal is the result of a March 2000 merger between Confinity and X.com. Confinity was founded in December 1998 by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, and Luke Nosek, initially as a Palm Pilot payments and cryptography company. X.com was founded by Elon Musk in March 1999, initially as an Internet financial services company. Both Confinity and X.com launched their websites in late 1999. Both companies were located on University Avenue in Palo Alto. Confinity's website was initially focused on reconciling beamed payments from Palm Pilots with email payments as a feature and X.com's website initially included financial services with email payments as a feature.
At Confinity, many of the initial recruits were alumni of The Stanford Review, also founded by Peter Thiel, and most early engineers hailed from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, recruited by Max Levchin. On the X.com side, Elon Musk recruited a wide range of technical and business personnel, including many that were critical to the combined company's success, such as Amy Klement, Sal Giambanco, Roelof Botha of Sequoia Capital, Sanjay Bhargava and Jeremy Stoppelman.
To block potentially fraudulent access by automated systems, PayPal devised a system (see CAPTCHA) of making the user enter numbers from a blurry picture, which they coined the Gausebeck-Levchin test. According to Eric M. Jackson, author of the book The PayPal Wars, PayPal invented this system now in common use; however, there is evidence AltaVista used a CAPTCHA as early as 1997, before PayPal existed.[citation needed] The neutrality of The PayPal Wars, which was self-published by Eric Jackson through his company World Ahead Publishing, funded in part by Peter Thiel, is disputed. In either case, the PayPal CAPTCHA has been proven insecure.[10]
eBay watched the rise in volume of its online payments and realized the fit of an online payment system with online auctions. eBay purchased Billpoint in May 1999, prior to the existence of PayPal. eBay made Billpoint its official payment system, dubbing it "eBay Payments," but cut the functionality of Billpoint by narrowing it to only payments made for eBay auctions.
For this reason, PayPal was listed in several times as many auctions as Billpoint. In February 2000, the PayPal service had an average of approximately 200,000 daily auctions while Billpoint (in beta) had only 4,000 auctions. By April 2000, more than 1,000,000 auctions promoted the PayPal service. PayPal was able to turn the corner and become the first dot-com to IPO after the September 11 attacks.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations.
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of Confinity and X.com.
LESSON 9
1.Vocabulary:
Endless - áåñêîíå÷íûé; áåñïðåäåëüíûé, âå÷íûé, íåñêîí÷àåìûé, cheksiz, chegarasiz
variety - ìíîãîîáðàçèå, ðàçíîîáðàçèå, turlilik, rang-baranglik
however - êàê áû íè; êàêîé áû íè; îäíàêî, òåì íå ìåíåå, íåñìîòðÿ íà (ý)òî, shunga qarmasdan
random - ñäåëàííûé èëè âûáðàííûé íàóãàä; ñëó÷àéíûé, ïðîèçâîëüíûé, tasodifiy, beixtiyor
Yet - åù¸,
âñ¸ åù¸, hali
launch - øâûðÿòü,
ìåòàòü, âûïóñê íîâûõ òîâàðîâ íà ðûíîê, yangi mahsulotni bozorga chiqarish
intuitive - èíòóèòèâíûé,
ïîäñîçíàòåëüíûé,
to retrace - ïðîñëåæèâàòü õîä ðàçâèòèÿ, âîññòàíàâëèâàòü ïðîøëûå ýòàïû, ishning borishini kuzatish, oldingi ishlarni tiklash.
response - îòâåò, îòêëèê, javob
worse - õóäøèé; õóæå; ñèëüíåå, yomonroq
frustrates - ðàññòðàèâàòü, ñðûâàòü (ïëàíû) ; ïðåïÿòñòâîâàòü, ìåøàòü, rejani barbod qilmoq, xalaqit bermoq
handle - ðóêîÿòü, ðóêîÿòêà; ÷åðåíîê, îñíàùàòü (÷òî-ë.),dastak, amalga oshirmoq
challenge - ñòàâèòü ïîä ñîìíåíèå, îñïàðèâàòü, shubha ostiga qo’ymoq
encrypted – çàøèôðîâàòü, shifrlash, kodlar bilan almashtirish
credit card transactions-ñäåëêà ñ êðåäèòíîé êàðòîé, kredit karta bilan ish qilish
E-Commerce Essentials: Setting Up Your Online Store
It's possible to sell an endless variety of products and services over the Internet. No matter what you sell, however, an e-commerce site must provide the same basic services your customers would expect if they were doing business with you in person.
Help Customers Find What They Need
Would you shop at a store where the items were organized at random, with no signs or guides? Of course not. Yet a surprising number of online stores make it nearly impossible for customers to find what they need.
Before you launch your store, think carefully about how to organize your products and give customers more than one way to find what they're looking for. For example, you can provide intuitive links to different product categories, a search function where customers can enter a product name or "breadcrumb trails" that allow customers to retrace their steps on your Web site. The same rule applies to providing your company's return and exchange policies, contact information, shipping charges and other information customers want before they complete purchases.
Don't Keep Customers Waiting
When a customer hits the Buy button, they don't expect to spend several minutes waiting for a response — or even worse, get an error message. In fact, nothing frustrates customers more than a Web site that keeps them guessing about their orders.
There's a simple solution to this problem: Make sure your software and servers are capable of handling whatever your customers throw at them. If you're using a third-party service, this means ensuring they use first-rate technology. If you're building your own site from scratch, it means investing in the best possible software and hardware.
Make It Easy for Customers to Pay
Online stores can accept a variety of payment types: credit cards, electronic cash, purchase orders, or cash and checks sent via mail. Different types of businesses will need to accept different payment types; make sure your e-commerce provider can handle the ones your customers are likely to use. For offline payments, such as cash and checks sent via mail or credit card numbers sent via fax, publish your mailing address and fax and phone numbers in an obvious place on your site.
Online payments present another special challenge: security. Although sending a credit card number over the Internet is extremely safe, customers still worry. Most online payment systems send credit card numbers and other sensitive information via encrypted connections. If your system does this, make sure customers know their information is absolutely secure.
Finally, keep in mind that you'll need a merchant account to accept credit card transactions. If you already have an account for your existing business, you might be able to use the same account to accept credit cards online. In other cases, your Web developer or hosting service can help you establish a merchant account with an online transaction-processing service.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
LESSON 10
1.Vocabulary:
previously – ðàíåå, ilgarigi
choice – âûáîð, tanlov
competed – êîíêóðèðîâàííûé, raqobatchi
announced – îáúÿâëåííûé, e’lon qilingan
shut down – çàêðûòûé, yopiq
subsequently – âïîñëåäñòâèè, natijada
ceased – ïðåêðàùåííûé, to’xtatilgan
competitor – êîíêóðåíò, raqobatchi
despite – íåñìîòðÿ íà, shunga qaramasdan
volume – îáúåì, hajm
division – îòäåëåíèå, bo’linma
retailer – ðîçíè÷íûé ïðîäàâåö, chakana savdo qiluvchi
renminbi yuan-"íàðîäíûå äåíüãè"; îñíîâíàÿ åäèíèöà RMB – þàíü, xalq puli
sheqel – äåíüãè, áîãàòñòâî,pul, boylik
locally – â ìåñòíîì ìàñøòàáå, mahalliy ko’lamda
can be viewed – ìîæåò áûòü ðàññìîòðåí, ko’rib chiqilishi mumkin
effectively unable – äåéñòâåííî íåñïîñîáíûé, xaqiqatan uquvsiz, yaroqsiz
employ – èñïîëüçîâàòü, ishlatish.
In October 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion. PayPal had previously been the payment method of choice by more than fifty percent of eBay users, and the service competed with eBay’s subsidiary Billpoint, Citibank’s c2it, whose service was closed in late 2003, and Yahoo!'s PayDirect, whose service was closed in late 2004. Western Union announced the December 2005 shut down of their Bid Pay service but subsequently sold it in 2006 to CyberSource Corporation. BidPay subsequently ceased operations on 31 December 2007. Some competitors which offer some of PayPal’s services, such as Wirecard, Moneybookers, 2Checkout, CCNow and Kagi, remain in business, despite the fact that eBay now requires everyone on its Australian and United Kingdom sites to offer PayPal.
PayPal’s total payment volume, the total value of transactions, was US$11 billion in the fourth quarter of 2006, an increase of 36% over the previous year. The company continues to focus on international growth and growth of its Merchant Services division, providing online payments for retailers off eBay.
Currently, PayPal operates in 190 markets, and it manages over 164 million accounts. PayPal allows customers to send, receive, and hold funds in 18 currencies worldwide. These currencies are the Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, Chinese renminbi yuan (only available for some Chinese accounts, see below), euro, pound sterling, Japanese yen, Czech koruna, Danish krone, Hong Kong dollar, Hungarian forint, Israeli new sheqel, Mexican peso, New Zealand dollar, Norwegian krone, Polish zloty, Singapore dollar, Swedish krona, Swiss franc and U.S. dollar. PayPal operates locally in 13 countries. Residents in 190 markets can use PayPal in their local markets to send money online. These new markets include Peru, Indonesia, the Philippines, Croatia, Fiji, Vietnam and Jordan. A complete list can be viewed at PayPal's website.
In China PayPal offers two kinds of accounts:
It is impossible to send money between PayPal.cn accounts and PayPal.com accounts, so PayPal.cn accounts are effectively unable to make international payments. For PayPal.cn, the only supported currency is the renminbi. Although PayPal's corporate headquarters are located in San Jose, PayPal’s operations center is located near Omaha, Nebraska, where the company employs more than 2,000 people as of 2007.[14] PayPal’s international headquarters is located in Dublin, Ireland. The company also recently opened a technology center in Scottsdale, Arizona.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of business today
LESSON 11
Vocabulary:
transmitter – ïåðåäàò÷èê, uzatgich
protection – îõðàíà, himoya
announce – îáúÿâëÿòü, e’lon qilmoq
complaint – æàëîáà, shikoyat
significantly – ìíîãîçíà÷èòåëüíî, e’tiborga molik
a refund – îáðàòíàÿ âûïëàòà, to’lovni qaytarish
via – ÷åðåç, orqali
chargeback – óáûòî÷íàÿ, zarar keltiruvchi
fashion – ñïîñîá äåéñòâèÿ, îðãàíèçàöèè ïðîöåññà, ishni tashkil etish jarayoni
condition – óñëîâèå , sharoit
proof – ïîäòâåðæäåíèå, isbot
delivery – ïîñòàâêà, yetkazib berish
claims – ïðåòåíçèÿ, norozilik, e’tiroz
exclusion – èñêëþ÷åíèå, mustasno
intangible – íåîñÿçàåìûé, tushunarsiz
reversals – îòìåíà, bekor qilish
the annual limit – åæåãîäíûé ëèìèò, yillik limit
restriction – îãðàíè÷åíèÿ, cheklov
the destination – íàçíà÷åíèå, belgilash, aniqlash
is shipped – îòïðàâëÿåòñÿ, jo’natiladi
sufficient – äîñòàòî÷íûé, ; îáîñíîâàííûé, yetarli, asoslangan
filed – çàðåãèñòðèðîâàííûé, ro’yxatga olingan
lawsuit – ñóäåáíûé ïðîöåññ, sud jarayoni
The domain paypal.com attracted at least 260 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.[15]
In the United States, PayPal is licensed as a money transmitter on a state-by-state basis.[16] PayPal is not classified as a bank in the United States, though the company is subject to some of the rules and regulations governing the financial industry including Regulation E consumer protections and the USA PATRIOT Act.[17] On May 15, 2007, PayPal announced that it would move its European operations from the UK to Luxembourg, commencing July 2, 2007 as PayPal (Europe) S.à r.l. & Cie, S.C.A.[18] This would be as a Luxembourg entity regulated as a bank by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF), the Luxembourg equivalent of the FSA.[19] PayPal Luxembourg will then provide the PayPal service throughout the European Union (EU).
The PayPal Buyer Protection Policy states that customers may file a buyer complaint within 45 days if they did not receive an item or if the item they purchased was significantly not as described. If the buyer used a credit card, they might get a refund via chargeback from their credit card company. According to PayPal, it protects sellers in a limited fashion via the Seller Protection Policy.[20] In general the Seller Protection Policy is intended to protect the seller from certain kinds of chargebacks or complaints if seller meets certain conditions including proof of delivery to the buyer. PayPal states the Seller Protection Policy is "designed to protect sellers against claims by buyers of unauthorized payments and against claims of non-receipt of any merchandise". Note that this contrasts with the consumer protection they claim to offer. This policy should be read carefully before assuming protection. In particular the Seller Protection Policy includes a list of "Exclusions" which itself includes "Intangible goods", "Claims for receipt of goods 'not as described'" and "Total reversals over the annual limit". There are also other restrictions in terms of the sale itself, the payment method and the destination country the item is shipped to (simply having a tracking mechanism is not sufficient to guarantee the Seller Protection Policy is in effect).[21] A class-action lawsuit was filed against PayPal, days after the company's successful initial public offering. [22]
Exercises
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of safety and protection policies.
LESSON 12
Vocabulary:
temporary login code – âðåìåííûé êîä ðåãèñòðàöèÿ, vaqtinchalik ro’yxatga olish kodi
generate – âûçûâàòü, ïîðîæäàòü, vujudga keltirmoq
to authenticate – çàâåðÿòü, ishontirmoq
precaution – ïðåäîñòîðîæíîñòü, oldini olish
fraud – îáìàí, aldov, yolg’on
intend – íàìåðåâàòüñÿ, mo’lallamoq
a malicious – çëîáíûé, zararli
regulated – ðåãóëèðóåìûé, boshqariladigan
authority – âëàñòü, hukmronlik
transfer – ïåðåíîñ, o’tkazish
Electronic Money Issuer – öèôðîâûå äåíüãè âûïóñêàþùèé, electron pullarni chiqaruvchi
Financial Services Authority – óïðàâëåíèå ïî ôèíàíñîâûì óñëóãàì, moliyaviy ishlarni boshqaruvchi tashkilot
cease -ïðåêðàùàòü, îñòàíàâëèâàòü; ïðèîñòàíàâëèâàòü, to’xtatish
extensive – îáøèðíûé; øèðîêèé; ðàñøèðèòåëüíûé, keng ko’lamli
agreement – ñîãëàøåíèå, äîãîâîð, kelishuv
transmitter – îòïðàâèòåëü, jo’natuvchi
vary – èçìåíÿòü, o’zgartirmoq
definitions – îïðåäåëåíèå, tarif
source – ðåñóðñ, èñòî÷íèê, manba
ordinarily – îáûêíîâåííûì, îáû÷íûì ïóòåì, odatdagi holda, oddiy yol bilan
specifically – îñîáåííî, ayniqsa
the relationship – ðîäñòâî, munosabat
implement – âûïîëíÿòü, îñóùåñòâëÿòü; ââîäèòü â äåéñòâèå, qo’llamoq
procedure – ïðîöåäóðà, protsedura
error – çàáëóæäåíèå, xato
dispute – äèñïóò, bahs
resolution – ðåøåíèå, qaror
liability – îáÿçàòåëüñòâà, majburiyat
unauthorized charges – çàïðåùåííûå ðàñõîäû, ta’qiqlangan xarajatlar,
protection – çàùèòà, himoya
strict error – ñòðîãîå çàáëóæäåíèå, qat’iy xato
otherwise – èíà÷å, aks xolda
exactly – â òî÷íîñòè, aniq
recourse – ïðîñüáà î ïîìîùè, yordam so’ramoq
on behalf – îò ëèöà, nomidan
Security
A Pay Pal security key generates a six-digit temporary login code to authenticate the user.
Security key In early 2007, PayPal introduced an optional security key as an additional precaution against fraud. A user account tied to a security key has a modified login process: the account holder enters his login ID and password, as he normally would, but then he is prompted to press the button on the security key and enter the six-digit number generated by it. This two-factor authentication is intended to prevent an account from being compromised by a malicious third party without access to the physical security key. However, if a user loses his key, he can alternatively authenticate by providing the credit card or bank account number listed on his account.
The key comes free with business accounts, but currently costs US$5.00 for personal users, with no ongoing fees. [23] The option of using a security key with one's account is currently available only to users registered in the United States, Germany and Australia.[24]
In Europe, PayPal is registered as a bank in Luxembourg under the legal name PayPal (Europe) Sarl et Cie SCA, a company regulated centrally by the Luxembourg bank authority, the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF)[25] (note that all of the company's European accounts were transferred to the PayPal's bank in Luxembourg on 2 July 2007[26]). Prior to this move, PayPal had been registered in the UK as Paypal (Europe) Ltd, an entity which was licensed as an Electronic Money Issuer with the UK's Financial Services Authority (FSA) from 2004. This ceased in 2007, when the company moved to Luxembourg[27][28], however the Luxembourg entity is still regulated by the FSA, as it is an entity from the European Economic Area which conducts regulated activities in the UK[29].
In the US, although PayPal has an extensive User Agreement, [30] PayPal is not directly regulated by the U.S. federal government, because it serves as a payment intermediary [31]. The law is unclear as to whether PayPal is a bank, narrow bank, money services business or money transmitter. PayPal could also be subject to state regulation, but state laws vary, as do their definitions of banks, narrow banks, money services businesses and money transmitters. The most analogous regulatory source of law for PayPal transactions comes from P2P payments using credit and debit cards. Ordinarily, a credit card transaction, specifically the relationship between the issuing bank and the cardholder, is governed by the Truth in Lending Act (TILA) 15 U.S.C. §§ 1601-1667f as implemented by Regulation Z, 12 C.F.R. pt. 226, (TILA/Z). TILA/Z requires specific procedures for billing errors, dispute resolution and limits cardholder liability for unauthorized charges. [32] Similarly, the legal relationship between a debit cardholder and the issuing bank is regulated by the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (EFTA) 15 U.S.C. §§ 1693-1693r, as implemented by Regulation E, 12 C.F.R. pr. 205, (EFTA/E). EFTA/E is directed at consumer protection and provides strict error resolution procedures. [33] However, because PayPal is a “payment intermediary” and not otherwise regulated directly, TILA/Z and EFTA/E do not operate exactly as written once the credit/debit card transaction occurs via PayPal. Basically, unless a PayPal transaction is funded with a credit card, the consumer has no recourse in the event of fraud on behalf of the seller.[citation needed
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
LESSON13
Vocabulary:
create – ñîçäàòü, yaratmoq
an inherent risk – íåîòúåìëåìûé, ajralmas
due to – áëàãîäàðÿ, shu sababdan, shunga ko’ra
the gap – ïðîëîì, bo’shliq
regulatory treatment – âëàñòíûé îáðàùåíèå, hukumat murojati
The existing fraud – ñëîæèâøèéñÿ îáìàí, mavjud bo’lgan aldov
apply – îáðàùàòüñÿ ñ ïðîñüáîé, qo’llamoq, murojat qilmoq
an unauthorized – çàïðåùåííûé, taqiqlangan
complete – ïîëíûé, to’liq
the breach – íàðóøåíèå, qonunbuzarlik
exception – èñêëþ÷åíèå, mustasno
withdrawn – àííóëèðîâàòü; ñíèìàòü, bekor qilish
the agreement – ñîãëàñèå, kelishuv
private – ÷àñòíûé, xususiy
marginally – áîëåå èëè ìåíåå, ko’proq yoki kamroq, har holda
disclose – âûÿâëÿòü, aniqlamoq
nonpublic – íåïóáëè÷íûé, e’lon qilinmagan
opt – âûáèðàòü, tanlash
out – âíå, tashqari
disclosures- îáíàðóæåíèå, îòêðûòèå, ðàçîáëà÷åíèå, bilib qolish, fosh etish
designation – îáîçíà÷åíèå, belgi, aniqlash
Reset – óêðûâàòåëüñòâî èìóùåñòâà, äîáûòîãî çàâåäîìî ïðåñòóïíûì ïóò¸ì, noqonuniy topilgan mol mulkni yashirish
verify – ïðîâåðÿòü, tekshirish
landline – íàçåìíàÿ ëèíèÿ ñâÿçè, yerda o’rnatilgan aloqa
substantial – ñóùåñòâåííûé, ðåàëüíûé, haqiqiy
identify – óñòàíàâëèâàòü ïîäëèííîñòü, èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü, haqiqiyligini aniqlash
encourage – îáîäðÿòü, qo’llab-quvvatlash
consumer – ïîòðåáèòåëü, xaridor
equip – ñíàðÿæàòü, jihozlamoq
fight – áîé, kurash
prompt – áûñòðûé, íåìåäëåííûé, tezkor, zudlik bilan
entitle – íàçûâàòü, äàâàòü ïðàâî, atamoq, huquq bermoq
influential – âëèÿòåëüíûé, ta’sirli
VP – âèöå-ïðåçèäåíò, vize- prezident
Money transfers via PayPal create an inherent risk of fraud due to the impersonal nature of internet commerce and the gap in regulatory treatment of PayPal transactions. The existing fraud protection regulations, EFTA/E and TILA/Z, do not apply to P2P account holders as they do debit/credit card transactions outside of a P2P payment service.
If an unauthorized third party obtains and uses someone’s PayPal login information and completes a transaction using the accountholder’s debit or credit card, EFTA/E and TILA/Z make PayPal responsible for the breach. There are, of course, fact specific exceptions to this rule. One is if funds are illicitly withdrawn from a PayPal deposit account. In that situation, neither PayPal or the bank is required to return the funds, because the agreement between a consumer and PayPal makes those types of transactions “authorized”.
PayPal account holders’ private information is marginally protected under one federal law. Since PayPal is a “financial institution” under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLB), it cannot disclose its account holders’ nonpublic personal information to third parties unless account holders opt out of those disclosures.
If an account is subject to fraud or unauthorized use, PayPal puts the "Limited Access" designation on the account. At this point, the account holder must:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
LESSON 14
1.Vocabulary:
owner – âëàäåëåö, xo’jayin
set up – îñíîâûâàòü, ó÷ðåæäàòü, o’natmoq,
donation – äàð, äàðåíèå, sovg’a qilish
the high rate – âûñîêèé ïðîöåíò, yuqori foizlar
frozen – çàìîðîæåííûé, muzlatilgan
involve – âîâëåêàòü; âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ, o’z ichiga olgan
unfreeze – ðàçìîðàæèâàòü, eritmoq,
response – îòâåò, javob
the concern – îòíîøåíèå, êàñàòåëüñòâî, tegishlilik
to opt – âûáèðàòü, tanlamoq
refunded – âîçâðàùåííàÿ ñóììà, mablag’ni qautarish
handling – îáðàùåíèå, óïðàâëåíèå, ðåãóëèðîâàíèå, boshqaruv
affairs – äåëà, ish
gripe sites – ñæàòèå ìåñòî siqilgan joylar
to complain – æàëîâàòüñÿ, shikoyat qilmoq
apparent – âèäèìûé, ko’rinarli, aniq
In September 2005, Richard Kyanka, owner of the website Something Awful, set up an account to collect donations for Hurricane Katrina to be given to the Red Cross. Due to the high rate at which donations were made, the account was automatically frozen, and Kyanka criticized the time and difficulty involved in getting PayPal's customer service to unfreeze the account. In response to the concerns of Something Awful members over the charity used by PayPal, United Way, Kyanka finally opted to have the money refunded to the donors so that they could donate directly to their charities of choice, though PayPal did not refund exchange and handling fees for international donors.
In March 2008, Australian current affairs show Today Tonight aired a segment criticising PayPal, in regards to safety, freezing accounts and customer service.
Several PayPal gripe sites have been created complaining of frozen accounts and various other issues. Some of these include web forums where apparent unhappy customers share PayPal experiences. Typical experiences include freezing accounts of eCommerce stores if they experience rapid growth, preventing them from paying suppliers.
In June 2008 the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission found that "The evidence available does not support the view that PayPal is the most secure method of payment, or offers the best service for all transactions."
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
LESSON 15
Vocabulary:
claiming – ïðåäúÿâëåíèå ïðàâ, haq-huquqini e’lon qilish
infringement – íàðóøåíèå, qonunbuzarlik
concerning – êàñàòåëüíî, tegishli
to distribute – ðàñïðåäåëÿòü, taqsimlash
cash amounts – ñóììà íàëè÷íîñòè, naqd pul hajmi
to drop– ïðåêðàùàòü, to’xtatmoq
a non-consequential – âàæíûé, muhim
mutual releases – âçàèìíûé îñâîáîæäåíèå, ikki tomonlama erkinlik
separately – îòäåëüíî, alohida
sued – ïðåñëåäîâàòü ñóäîì, sud bilan ta’qib etiladigan
alleged – óòâåðæäàåìûé, tasdiqlangan
violation – íàðóøåíèå, jinoyat
Electronic Funds Transfer Act – ïåðåâîä ïëàòåæåé ñ ïîìîùüþ ýëåêòðîííîé ñèñòåìû, electron tarzda to’lovni amalgam oshirish
dispute – äèñïóò, bahs
lawsuits – ñóäåáíûé ïðîöåññ, sud jarayoni
merge –ñîåäèíÿòü, birlashtirmoq
deny– îòêàçûâàòü, rad etish
wrongdoing – ïðè÷èíåíèå âðåäà, óùåðáà, zarar keltirish
to expand – ðàñøèðÿòü, óâåëè÷èâàòü â îáúåìå, ko’lamini kengaytirish
claim – òðåáîâàíèå, ïðåòåíçèÿ, talab, e’tiroz bildirmoq
to alert – ïðåäóïðåæäàòü, ogohlantirish
imply – ïîäðàçóìåâàòü, nazarda tutmoq
covenants – äîãîâîð èëè àêò çà ïå÷àòüþ, muhrlangan bitim
good faith – ÷åñòíîñòü, halollik
fair dealing- ïðÿìîòà, ÷åñòíîñòü, èñêðåííîñòü, îòêðîâåííîñòü, halollik, to’g’rilik,
interference – âìåøàòåëüñòâî, aralashuv
to allow – ïîçâîëÿòü, ruxsat bermoq
contractual – äîãîâîðíûé, kelishilgan
obligations – ãàðàíòèÿ, kafolat
to accuse – âèíèòü, ablamoq
hence – îòñþäà, shunday qilib
alleged – óòâåðæäàåìûé, tasdiqlangan
mishandling – íåðàöèîíàëüíàÿ îïåðàöèÿ, ïëîõî ñïðàâëÿòüñÿ, noratsional ish olib boorish, yomon boshqarish
regard – âíèìàíèå, e’tibor
allegation – ãîëîñëîâíîå óòâåðæäåíèå, og’zaki tasdiqlash
restricting – îãðàíè÷èòåëüíûé, cheklangan
to arbitrate – ðåøàòü â àðáèòðàæíîì ïîðÿäêå, arbitraj(sud yordamida) tartibda hal etish
substantively – ïî ñóùåñòâó, aslini olganda
unconscionable – íåäîáðîñîâåñòíûé, loqaydlik bilan
a warning – ïðåäóïðåæäåíèå, ogohlantirish
unabated – íåîñëàáëåííûé, kuchsizlanmagan
infringed – íàðóøàòü, qonunbuzizarlik qilish
granted – ïðè óñëîâèè, ma’lum shart bilan
accurately – òî÷íî, aniq
the investigation – ðàññëåäîâàíèå, izlanish
In 2002, CertCo filed a suit against PayPal claiming patent infringement concerning the use of distributed computing systems that process micropayments, or small cash amounts. In April 2002, CertCo dropped the suit and stated that they had come to a settlement involving "a non-consequential payment and mutual releases."
In March 2002, two PayPal account holders separately sued the company for alleged violations of the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (EFTA) and California law. Most of the allegations concerned PayPal's dispute resolution procedures. The two lawsuits were merged into one class action lawsuit (In re PayPal litigation). An informal settlement was reached in November 2003, and a formal settlement was signed on June 11, 2004. The settlement requires that PayPal change its business practices (including changing its dispute resolution procedures to make them EFTA-compliant), as well as making a US$9.25 million payment to members of the class. PayPal denied any wrongdoing.
In May 2002, Tumbleweed Communications filed a lawsuit against PayPal (and later expanded it to include eBay) claiming that PayPal had violated its patents for sending personalized links through e-mail which PayPal uses to alert its customers about financial transactions. In January 2004, the two parties came to an agreement, but didn't disclose the financial terms of their licensing agreement.[45]
In June 2003, Stamps.com filed a lawsuit against PayPal and eBay claiming breach of contract, breach of the implied covenants of good faith and fair dealing, and interference with contract, among other claims. In a 2002 license agreement, Stamps.com and PayPal agreed that Stamps.com technology would be made available to allow PayPal users to buy and print postage online from their PayPal accounts. Stamps.com claimed that PayPal did not live up to its contractual obligations and accused eBay of interfering with PayPal and Stamps.com's agreement, hence Stamp.com's reasoning for including eBay in the suit.[46]
In August 2002, Craig Comb and others filed a class action against PayPal in Craig Comb, et al. v. PayPal, Inc.. They sued for alleged mishandling of customer accounts and customer services, with regards to PayPal's user agreement. Allegations included restricting deposited funds for up to 180 days until disputes are resolved, forcing customers to arbitrate their disputes under the American Arbitration Association's guidelines (a costly procedure), and requiring users to file claims individually, restricting class action suits. The court stated that "the User Agreement and arbitration clause are substantively unconscionable under California law" and ruled in favor of Comb.[47]
In September 2003, PayPal filed suit against Bank One Corporation for patent infringement. PayPal claimed that Bank One's online bill-payment system was an infringement against their online bill-payment patent issued in 1998. PayPal filed the suit after a warning to the bank's lawyers in February went unabated.[48]
In November 2003, AT&T filed suit against eBay and PayPal claiming that their payment systems infringed an AT&T patent filed in 1991 and granted in 1994.[49]
In March 2004, PayPal and New York state's Attorney General, Eliot Spitzer, came to an agreement to require PayPal to disclose clients' rights and liabilities more accurately and to pay $150,000 to the state of New York for penalties and the costs of the investigation.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of a lawsuit against PayPal and eBay.
1.Vocabulary:
a merchant – êóïåö, savdogar
a cash advance – êðåäèò â íàëè÷íîé äåíåæíîé ôîðìå, naqd pulli kredit
a charge card – êðåäèòíàÿ êàðòî÷êà, kredit kartasi
credit unions – êðåäèòíûé ñîþç, kredit uyushmasi
interest – çàèíòåðåñîâàííîñòü, qiziqish
stripe – ïîëîñà, hoshiya
an account – ñ÷åò, hisob-kitob
approve – îäîáðÿòü, qo’llab quvvatlash
provider – ïîñòàâùèê, ta’minotchi
merchanta – ãîäíîñòü äëÿ ïðîäàæè, sotuvga yaroqlilik
latter– íåäàâíèé, oxirgi, keyingi
verification – ïðîâåðêà; ñâåðêà, tekshiruv,
determine – îïðåäåëÿòü, óñòàíàâëèâàòü, aniqlash
valid – äåéñòâèòåëüíûé, yaroqli,
involve – âîâëåêàòü; âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ, o’z ichiga olgan
undertake – ïðåäïðèíèìàòü, amalgam oshirmoq
outstanding – íåîïëà÷åííûé, tolanmagan
owed – ÷òî-ë. âçÿòîå â äîëã, qarzga olingan
higher rate – âûñîêàÿ ñòàâêà, yuqori narxlar
debt – äîëã.qarz
arrange – ïðèâîäèòü â ïîðÿäîê, yolga qo’yish, tartibga solish
avoid – èçáåãàòü, chetlab o’tish
A credit card is part of a system of payments named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. The issuer of the card grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user. A credit card is different from a charge card, where a charge card requires the balance to be paid in full each month. In contrast, credit cards allow the consumers to 'revolve' their balance, at the cost of having interest charged. Most credit cards are issued by local banks or credit unions, and are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard.
An example of the front in a typical credit card:
An example of the reverse side of a typical credit card:
Credit cards are issued after an account has been approved by the credit provider, after which cardholders can use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that card.
When a purchase is made, the credit card user agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates his/her consent to pay, by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a Personal identification number (PIN). Also, many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet, known as a 'Card/Cardholder Not Present' (CNP) transaction.
Electronic verification systems allow merchants to verify that the card is valid and the credit card customer has sufficient credit to cover the purchase in a few seconds, allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase. The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or Point of Sale (POS) system with a communications link to the merchant's acquiring bank. Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card; the latter system is in the United Kingdom and Ireland commonly known as Chip and PIN, but is more technically an EMV card.
Other variations of verification systems are used by eCommerce merchants to determine if the user's account is valid and able to accept the charge. These will typically involve the cardholder providing additional information, such as the security code printed on the back of the card, or the address of the cardholder.
Each month, the credit card user is sent a statement indicating the purchases undertaken with the card, any outstanding fees, and the total amount owed. After receiving the statement, the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect (see Fair Credit Billing Act for details of the US regulations). Otherwise, the cardholder must pay a defined minimum proportion of the bill by a due date, or may choose to pay a higher amount up to the entire amount owed. The credit provider charges interest on the amount owed if the balance is not paid in full (typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt). Some financial institutions can arrange for automatic payments to be deducted from the user's bank accounts, thus avoiding late payment altogether as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of credit cards.
LESSON 17
1.Vocabulary:
waive – îòêàçûâàòüñÿ, rad etmoq
interest charges – ïîäëåæàùèå óïëàòå ïðîöåíòû, tolanadigan foiz
transaction – ñäåëêà, ish
repay– îòäàâàòü (äîëã), qayta tolamoq
grace period – ëüãîòíûé ïåðèîä, imtiyozli muddat
remain – ïåðåæèòîê, qoldiq
the precise manner – òî÷íûé ñïîñîá, aniq usul
agreement – ñîãëàñèå, kelishuv
the annual percentage rate – ãîäîâàÿ ïðîöåíòíàÿ ñòàâêà, yillik foiz stavkasi
to multiply – óâåëè÷èâàòü, kopaytirmoq
the average daily balance – ñðåäíåäíåâíîé áàëàíñ, kundalik o’rtacha balans
residual –îñòàòîê, ðàçíîñòü, qoldiq, farq
revolving credit – âîçîáíîâëÿåìûé êðåäèò, kreditning yangilanishi
to complicate – çàòðóäíÿòü, murakkablashtirmoq
a single – îäèí, yolg’iz, yakka
separate – îòäåëüíûé, alohida
applicable – ïðèìåíèìûé, qo’llanilishi mumkin bo’lgan
compartmentalization – îáîñîáëåíèå, maxsuslashtirish
incentive – ïîáóæäåíèå, ñòèìóëû, rag’bat
offer – ïðåäëîæåíèå, taklif
to encourage – îáîäðÿòü, qo’llamoq
the event – ñîáûòèå,voqea, hodisa
the discretion – îñòîðîæíîñòü, îñìîòðèòåëüíîñòü, ehtiyotkorlik
considerably – çíà÷èòåëüíî, sezilarli
decide – ðåøàòü, qaror qilmoq
to raise – ïîäíèìàòü, kotarmoq
revenue – äîõîä, daromad
Interest charges
Credit card issuers usually waive interest charges if the balance is paid in full each month, but typically will charge full interest on the entire outstanding balance from the date of each purchase if the total balance is not paid.
For example, if a user had a $1,000 transaction and repaid it in full within this grace period, there would be no interest charged. If, however, even $1.00 of the total amount remained unpaid, interest would be charged on the $1,000 from the date of purchase until the payment is received. The precise manner in which interest is charged is usually detailed in a cardholder agreement which may be summarized on the back of the monthly statement. The general calculation formula most financial institutions use to determine the amount of interest to be charged is APR/100 x ADB/365 x number of days revolved. Take the Annual percentage rate (APR) and divide by 100 then multiply to the amount of the average daily balance (ADB) divided by 365 and then take this total and multiply by the total number of days the amount revolved before payment was made on the account. Financial institutions refer to interest charged back to the original time of the transaction and up to the time a payment was made, if not in full, as RRFC or residual retail finance charge. Thus after an amount has revolved and a payment has been made, the user of the card will still receive interest charges on their statement after paying the next statement in full (in fact the statement may only have a charge for interest that collected up until the date the full balance was paid...i.e. when the balance stopped revolving).
The credit card may simply serve as a form of revolving credit, or it may become a complicated financial instrument with multiple balance segments each at a different interest rate, possibly with a single umbrella credit limit, or with separate credit limits applicable to the various balance segments. Usually this compartmentalization is the result of special incentive offers from the issuing bank, to encourage balance transfers from cards of other issuers. In the event that several interest rates apply to various balance segments, payment allocation is generally at the discretion of the issuing bank, and payments will therefore usually be allocated towards the lowest rate balances until paid in full before any money is paid towards higher rate balances. Interest rates can vary considerably from card to card, and the interest rate on a particular card may jump dramatically if the card user is late with a payment on that card or any other credit instrument, or even if the issuing bank decides to raise its revenue.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of interest charge.
LESSON 18
1.Vocabulary:
intense – êðåïêèé, çíà÷èòåëüíûé, mustahkam, sezilarli
competition – êîíêóðåíöèÿ, raqobat
incentives – ñðåäñòâà ïîîùðåíèÿ, rag’batlantirish vositasi
gift certificates – äàðñòâåííàÿ, sovga qilingan
downside – íèæíÿÿ ñòîðîíà, pastki qism
a fixed term – óñòàíîâëåííûé ñðîê, belgilangan muddat
a higher rate – âûñîêàÿ ñòàâêà, yuqori foiz
alert – òðåâîãà, ogohlantirish
to expire – ïðåêðàùàòüñÿ ñ èñòå÷åíèåì ñðîêà, muddat o’tishi bilan tugastmoq
annual fee – ãîäîâîé äåíåæíûé ñáîð, yillik to’lov
range –ïðåäåëû, chegara
depending on – çàâèñåòü, bog’liq
reinstatement – âîññòàíîâëåíèå, qayta tiklash
apply – îáðàùàòüñÿ ñ ïðîñüáîé, iltimos bilan murojaat qilmoq
to incur– íåñòè ( îòâåòñòâåííîñòü, îáÿçàííîñòü, ðàñõîäû), javobgar bo’lmoq
finance charge– öåíà êðåäèòà, kredit qiymati
previous – ïðåäûäóùèé, oldingi
excluding – èñêëþ÷àþùèé, oz ichiga olmagan
Because of intense competition in the credit card industry, credit card providers often offer incentives such as frequent flyer points, gift certificates, or cash back (typically up to 1 percent based on total purchases) to try to attract customers to their programs.
Low interest credit cards or even 0% interest credit cards are available. The only downside to consumers is that the period of low interest credit cards is limited to a fixed term, usually between 6 and 12 months after which a higher rate is charged. However, services are available which alert credit card holders when their low interest period is due to expire. Most such services charge a monthly or annual fee.
A credit card's grace period is the time the customer has to pay the balance before interest is charged to the balance. Grace periods vary, but usually range from 20 to 40 days depending on the type of credit card and the issuing bank. Some policies allow for reinstatement after certain conditions are met.
Usually, if a customer is late paying the balance, finance charges will be calculated and the grace period does not apply. Finance charges incurred depend on the grace period and balance; with most credit cards there is no grace period if there is any outstanding balance from the previous billing cycle or statement (i.e. interest is applied on both the previous balance and new transactions). However, there are some credit cards that will only apply finance charge on the previous or old balance, excluding new transactions.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of credit card's grace period.
LESSON 19
1.Vocabulary:
accept – ïðèíèìàòü, qabul qilmoq
commit – ñîâåðøàòü, amalgam oshirmoq
Authorized – àâòîðèòåòíûé, nufuzli
regardless – íå îáðàùàþùèé âíèìàíèÿ, e’tborga molik bo’lmagan
the consumer defaults – ïîòðåáèòåëü íåâûïîëíåíèå îáÿçàòåëüñòâ, buyurtmachining majburiyatni bajarmasligi
except for – çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì, -dan tashqari
legitimate – çàêîííîðîæäåííûé, qonuniy
cash – äåíüãè, naqd pul
discourage – ëèøàòü ìóæåñòâà, o’ziga ishonchni yo’qotish
theft – âîðîâñòâî, o’g’irlik
reduce – óìåíüøàòü, cheklov
the premises – âûøåèçëîæåííîå, yuqorida aytib o’tilgan
prior – ïðåèìóùåñòâåííûé; ïðèâèëåãèðîâàííûé, imtiyozli, vakolatli
to evaluate – îöåíèâàòü, baholash
extend – ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòü ðàñøèðÿòü âëèÿíèå, kengaytirmoq
perform – èñïîëíÿòü, amalga oshirmoq
assume – áðàòü íà ñåáÿ îòâåòñòâåííîñòü, javobgarchilikni o’z bo’yniga olmoq
delay – çàäåðæêà, kechiktirish
be penalized – êàðàòüñÿ çàêîíîì, qonun bilan ta’qib etiladigan
restrict – îãðàíè÷èâàòü, cheklov
cancellations – àííóëèðîâàíèå, bekor qilish
reversal – îòìåíà, bekor qilish
to require – òðåáîâàòü, talab qilmoq
consortium – êîíñîðöèóì, konsorsium
instead – âìåñòî, o’rniga
An example of street markets accepting credit cards
For merchants, a credit card transaction is often more secure than other forms of payment, such as checks, because the issuing bank commits to pay the merchant the moment the transaction is authorized, regardless of whether the consumer defaults on the credit card payment (except for legitimate disputes, which are discussed below, and can result in charges back to the merchant). In most cases, cards are even more secure than cash, because they discourage theft by the merchant's employees and reduce the amount of cash on the premises. Prior to credit cards, each merchant had to evaluate each customer's credit history before extending credit. That task is now performed by the banks which assume the credit risk.
For each purchase, the bank charges the merchant a commission (discount fee) for this service and there may be a certain delay before the agreed payment is received by the merchant. The commission is often a percentage of the transaction amount, plus a fixed fee. In addition, a merchant may be penalized or have their ability to receive payment using that credit card restricted if there are too many cancellations or reversals of charges as a result of disputes. Some small merchants require credit purchases to have a minimum amount (usually between $5 and $10) to compensate for the transaction costs, though this is not always allowed by the credit card consortium.
In some countries, for example the Nordic countries, banks guarantee payment on stolen cards only if an ID card is checked and the ID card number/civic registration number is written down on the receipt together with the signature. In these countries merchants therefore usually ask for ID. Non-Nordic citizens, who are unlikely to possess a Nordic ID card or driving license, will instead have to show their passport, and the passport number will be written down on the receipt, sometimes together with other information. Some shops use the card's PIN for identification, and in that case showing an ID card is not necessary.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
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LESSON 20
1.Vocabulary:
financial institution- ôèíàíñîâûå îðãàíèçàöèè, moliyaviy tashkilotlar
ñardholder-îáëàäàòåëè êàðòî÷åê, kartochka egalari
repayment- îïëàòà, ïëàòà, óïëàòà, âûïëàòà, to’lov
bear risk- íîñèòü, íåñòè, tavakkal qilmoq
bill- âûïèñûâàòü ñ÷åò, âûäàâàòü íàêëàäíóþ, hisobni yozmoq
respective- ñîîòâåòñòâåííûé, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé, mos
refer to- íàïðàâëÿòü; îòñûëàòü, yubormoq
deal- ïîäîçðèòåëüíàÿ ñäåëêà, èìåòü äåëî,
to attract- ïðèòÿãèâàòü, jalb etmoq
affinity partners- ðîäñòâåííûå ïàðòíåðû, qarindosh
the interchange- ðîäñòâåííûå, qarindosh
The flow of information and money between these parties — always through the card associations — is known as the interchange, and it consists of a few steps.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of the independent sales organization.
LESSON 21
Vocabulary:
the purchase – ïîêóïêà, xarid
submit – ïðåäñòàâëÿòü, ko’satish
the acquirer – ïîêóïàòåëü, xaridor
verify–ïîäòâåðæäàòü, tasdiqlamoq
issuer (Card-issuing bank) – âûïóñêàþùèé (âûïóñêàþùèé êðåäèòíûå êàðòî÷êè) chiqaruvchi(kredit karta chiqaruvchi bank)
reserves – ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå çàïàñû, iqtisodiy zaxiralar
generate – âûçûâàòü, keltirib chiqarmoq
an approval code – îäîáðåííûé êîäåêñ, ma’qullangan kodeks
batching – ãðóïïèðîâàíèå, guruhlash
batch – ñåðèÿ, ïàðòèÿ
submit– ïðåäñòàâëÿòü, keltirish
per day – â äåíü, kuniga
be returned – áûòü èçáðàííûì, tanlovdan o’tgan
falling – ïàäåíèå, tushib ketish
attempts – ïîïûòêà, urinish
additional – äîáàâî÷íûé, qo’shimcha
rental – ñóììà àðåíäíîé ïëàòû, arenda narxi
essentially – ïî ñóùåñòâó,aslini olganda
discount rate – ó÷¸òíàÿ ñòàâêà, chegirma stavkasi
processing – îáðàáîòêà, qayta ishlash
a chargeback – óáûòî÷íàÿ ñèñòåìà, zararli tizim
initiate – íîâè÷îê, yangi odam
contest – äèñêóññèÿ, bahs
Exercises
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of the transaction steps
LESSON 22
1.Vocabulary:
A secured credit card- ãàðàíòèðîâàííàÿ êðåäèòíàÿ êàðòî÷êà, kafolatli kredit kartasi
a deposit account- äåïîçèòíûé ñ÷åò; àâàíñîâûé ñ÷åò, avans hisobi
desired – æåëàòåëüíûé, istalgan
put down – îïóñêàòü, tushirish
the range – ïðåäåëû (íàïð., êîëåáàíèÿ öåí), chegara
incentive – ñðåäñòâà ïîîùðåíèÿ, ragbat vositasi
savings account – ñáåðåãàòåëüíûé ñ÷åò, jamg’arma hisobi
offer – ïðåäëîæåíèå, taklif
delinquencies – íåâûïîëíåíèå îáÿçàííîñòåé, majburiyatni bajarmaslik
notably – èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî, butunlay
to perceive – âîñïðèíèìàòü, qabul qilish
to lose – íåñòè óáûòîê, zara ko’rmoq
to expect – æäàòü, kutmoq
default – íåâûïîëíåíèå îáÿçàòåëüñòâ, majburiyatni bajarmaslik
recovering – âûçäîðàâëèâàþùèé, sog’ayib kelayotgan
the advantage – ïðåèìóùåñòâî, afzallik
miss – ïîòåðÿ, yo’qotish
an offset – íà÷àëî ïóòè, boshlanish
the request – ïðîñüáà, so’rov, talab
severe delinquency – ñòðîãèé âèíà, qat’iy ayb
to accrue – óâåëè÷èâàòüñÿ, ko’paymoq
total – öåëîå,butun
exceed – ïðåâûøàòü, oshmoq
forfeits – ðàñïëàòà, qaytarish
sign – çíàê, belgi
account – ñ÷åò, hisob
an option – âûáîð, tanlov
rebuild – îòñòðîèòü çàíîâî, qayta qurish
exceed – ïðåâûøàòü, oshib ketish
non-secured credit cards- íåãàðàíòèðîâàííàÿ êðåäèòíàÿ êàðòî÷êà, kafolatlanmagan kredit kartasi
expensive – äîðîãîé, qimmat
cost – öåíà, narx
A secured credit card is a type of credit card secured by a deposit account owned by the cardholder. Typically, the cardholder must deposit between 100% and 200% of the total amount of credit desired. Thus if the cardholder puts down $1000, they will be given credit in the range of $500–$1000. In some cases, credit card issuers will offer incentives even on their secured card portfolios. In these cases, the deposit required may be significantly less than the required credit limit, and can be as low as 10% of the desired credit limit. This deposit is held in a special savings account. Credit card issuers offer this because they have noticed that delinquencies were notably reduced when the customer perceives something to lose if the balance is not repaid.
The cardholder of a secured credit card is still expected to make regular payments, as with a regular credit card, but should they default on a payment, the card issuer has the option of recovering the cost of the purchases paid to the merchants out of the deposit. The advantage of the secured card for an individual with negative or no credit history is that most companies report regularly to the major credit bureaus. This allows for building of positive credit history.
Although the deposit is in the hands of the credit card issuer as security in the event of default by the consumer, the deposit will not be debited simply for missing one or two payments. Usually the deposit is only used as an offset when the account is closed, either at the request of the customer or due to severe delinquency (150 to 180 days). This means that an account which is less than 150 days delinquent will continue to accrue interest and fees, and could result in a balance which is much higher than the actual credit limit on the card. In these cases the total debt may far exceed the original deposit and the cardholder not only forfeits their deposit but is left with an additional debt.
Most of these conditions are usually described in a cardholder agreement which the cardholder signs when their account is opened.
Secured credit cards are an option to allow a person with a poor credit history or no credit history to have a credit card which might not otherwise be available. They are often offered as a means of rebuilding one's credit. Secured credit cards are available with both Visa and MasterCard logos on them. Fees and service charges for secured credit cards often exceed those charged for ordinary non-secured credit cards, however, for people in certain situations, (for example, after charging off on other credit cards, or people with a long history of delinquency on various forms of debt), secured cards can often be less expensive in total cost than unsecured credit cards, even including the security deposit.
Sometimes a credit card will be secured by the equity in the borrower's home.[3][4] This is called a home equity line of credit (HELOC).
Exercises
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of secured credit cards.
LESSON 23
1.Vocabulary:
a prepaid credit card- óïëà÷åííûé çàðàíåå êðåäèòíàÿ êàðòî÷êà, oldindan to’langan kredit kartasi
to spend – òðàòèòü, sarflamoq
via – ÷åðåç, orqali
a credit-card brand - ìàðêà êðåäèòíîé êàðòî÷êè, kredit kartasi markasi
load – ãðóç, yuk
predetermined – ïðåäîïðåäåëåííûé, oldindan belgilangan
teenager – þíîøà, o’smir
complete – ïîëíûé, butunlay
obtaining – ïîëó÷åíèå, olish
A prepaid credit card is not a credit card,[ since no credit is offered by the card issuer: the card-holder spends money which has been "stored" via a prior deposit by the card-holder or someone else, such as a parent or employer. However, it carries a credit-card brand (Visa, MasterCard, American Express or Discover) and can be used in similar ways just as though it were a regular credit card.
After purchasing the card, the cardholder loads the account with any amount of money, up to the predetermined card limit and then uses the card to make purchases the same way as a typical credit card. Prepaid cards can be issued to minors (above 13) since there is no credit line involved. The main advantage over secured credit cards (see above section) is that you are not required to come up with $500 or more to open an account. With prepaid credit cards you are not charged any interest but you are often charged a purchasing fee plus monthly fees after an arbitrary time period. Many other fees also usually apply to a prepaid card. Prepaid credit cards are sometimes marketed to teenagers for shopping online without having their parents complete the transaction.
Because of the many fees that apply to obtaining and using credit-card-branded prepaid cards, the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada describes them as "an expensive way to spend your own money The agency publishes a booklet, "Pre-paid cards", which explains the advantages and disadvantages of this type of prepaid card.
Exercises
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations.
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Ex.6. Make your own commentary of a prepaid credit card.
LESSON 24
1.Vocabulary:
rely – ïîëàãàòüñÿ, ishonmoq
the privacy – óåäèíåíèå, yakkalanish
access – äîñòóï, kirish
measure – ìåðà, o’lchov
fraudulent purchases- îáìàííàÿ ïîêóïêà, aldov yo’li bilan qilingan xarid
whereupon – ãäå, qayerda
be cancelled – áûòü àííóëèðîâàííûì, bekor qilinmoq
the fraudster – æóëèê, muttaham
take care- çàáîòèòüñÿ. g’amxo’rlik qilmoq
the goods – òîâàðû, mol
feature – îñîáåííîñòü, xususiyat
to prohibit – çàïðåùàòü, ta’qiqlamoq
to be authenticated – çàâåðÿòü, ishontirilmoq
released – âûäåëåííûé, ajratilgan
confirmed – ïîäòâåðæäåííûé, tasdiqlangan
to impose – êëàñòü, qo’ymoq
As well as convenient, accessible credit, credit cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses, which is necessary for both monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work-related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes. Credit cards are accepted worldwide, and are available with a large variety of credit limits, repayment arrangement, and other perks (such as rewards schemes in which points earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for further goods and services or credit card cashback).
Some countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, limit the amount for which a consumer can be held liable due to fraudulent transactions as a result of a consumer's credit card being lost or stolen.
Credit card security relies on the physical security of the plastic card as well as the privacy of the credit card number. Therefore, whenever a person other than the card owner has access to the card or its number, security is potentially compromised. Merchants often accept credit card numbers without additional verification for mail order purchases. They however record the delivery address as a security measure to minimise fraudulent purchases. Some merchants will accept a credit card number for in-store purchases, whereupon access to the number allows easy fraud, but many require the card itself to be present, and require a signature. Thus, a stolen card can be cancelled, and if this is done quickly, no fraud can take place in this way. For internet purchases, there is sometimes the same level of security as for mail order (number only) hence requiring only that the fraudster take care about collecting the goods, but often there are additional measures. The main one is to require a security PIN with the card, which requires that the thief have access to the card, as well as the PIN.
An additional feature to secure the credit card transaction and prohibit the use of a lost credit card is the MobiClear solution. Each transaction is authenticated through a call to the user mobile phone. The transaction is released once the transaction has been confirmed by the cardholder pushing his/her pincode during the call.
The PCI DSS is the security standard issued by The PCI SSC (Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council). This data security standard is used by acquiring banks to impose cardholder data security measures upon their merchants.
Exercises:
Ex.1. Read and translate the text.
Ex.2. Put questions to the underline words.
Ex.3. Analyze noun collocations
Ex.4. Select the subordinate clauses and state of what kind they are (object clause, attributive clause, adverbial modifier clause of time, place, cause, etc.)
Ex.5. Make a summary of the text.
Elektron tijorat yo’nalishi 2 kurs talabalari uchun o’quv uslubiy qo’llanma
IvaB fakulteti ilmiy kengashida ko’rib chiqilgan va nashrga tavsiya etilgan
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«__»_____ 2009ã.)
Tuzuvchilar:
V.X.Gaziyeva______________
M.T.Shaxakimova____________
Ma’sul muharrir:
G.N. Suleymanova
Taqrizchilar:
Z.K. Saidkulov - FFK,dozent
L .Alixanova - FFK,dozent
Tahrirchi:
M.A. Gulyamova